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GENETIC AND QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF GENEALOGY
BY F. M. LANCASTER
OCTOBER 2005 (Updated February 2015)
The following monograph is mainly concerned with the classification, graphic representation, measurement and coding of human relationships. It also explains the significance and harmful consequences of inbreeding. Other aspects of genealogy included are: generation intervals, legal constraints on the marriage of relatives and present rules for the inheritance of property.
Contents
SUPPLEMENT TO GENETIC AND QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF GENEALOGY The main purpose of the following supplement is to anticipate and answer those questions most frequently asked about the genetic and quantitative aspects of genealogy and relationships. A secondary aim is to enlarge on certain specialised topics, which were only briefly covered in the monograph, but which may be of further interest. |
SCOPE AND LIMITS FOR THE COLLECTION OF DATA
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF RELATIONSHIPS AND FAMILY TREES
CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF RELATIONSHIP
CLASSIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIPS
PATTERNS OF DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
TYPES OF COLLATERAL RELATIONSHIPS
IDENTIFICATION OF COLLATERAL RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS GENERATIONS
CHANGING PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIP
GENERATION INTERVALS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
INBREEDING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
THE COEFFICIENT OF INBREEDING (F) AND ITS APPLICATIONS
FORBIDDEN MARRIAGE LAWS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
INHERITANCE LAWS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
Appendix A- EXTENDED FORMULAE FOR THE COEFFICIENT OF RELATIONSHIP
Appendix B - ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF THE COEFFICIENT OF RELATIONSHIP
Appendix C - CROSS-COUSINS AND ORTHO-COUSINS
Appendix D - TWIN AND MULTIPLE BIRTH FREQUENCIES
Appendix E - INHERITANCE OF SEX-LINKED COLOUR BLINDNESS
Appendix F - CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
List Of Figures
Figure 3 Genetic History Diagram
Figure 4 Sex-linked Colour Blindness (Stern, 1960)
Figure 6 Path Diagram of the Pedigree in Figure 5
Figure 8 Direct Relationship Calculation
Figure 9 Marriage between Second Cousins (K and L)
Figure 10 The Relationship between Single First Cousins
Figure 11 Two Brothers (I and J) whose Parents are First Cousins
Figure 12 Combined Relationships
Figure 13 Relationship between Identical Twins
Figure 14 Identical Twin Common Ancestors
Figure 15 Direct Relationships
Figure 16 Collateral Relationships
Figure 17 First Cousin Marriage
Figure 18 Unililineal Relationships
Figure 19 Bilineal Relationships
Figure 20 Single versus Double Relationships
Figure 21 A Regular Double Relationship (Double Half First Cousins)
Figure 22 An Irregular Double Relationship
Figure 24 Identical Twin Mothers
Figure 31 Uncle/Aunt - Nephew/Niece Relationships
Figure 32 Regular Double First Cousins
Figure 33 Regular Double Second Cousins
Figure 34 Irregular Double Cousins
Figure 35 Father and Son - Daughter and Mother Reciprocal Marriages
Figure 36 Uncle and Nephew - Niece and Aunt Reciprocal Marriages
Figure 37 Father and Son - Niece and Aunt Reciprocal Marriages
Figure 38 Father and Son - Half Niece and Half Aunt Reciprocal Marriages
Figure 39 Double (Half Uncle/Half Aunt - Half Nephew/Half Niece)
Figure 40 Double (First Cousins Once Removed)
Figure 41 Double (Half First Cousins Once Removed)
Figure 42 Half Uncle - Half Nephew (R=1/8) and First Cousins (R=1/8)
Figure 43 Half Uncle - Half Nephew (R = 1/8) and First Cousins Once Removed (R = 1/16)
Figure 44 Half Uncle - Half Nephew (R = 1/8) and Half First Cousins (R = 1/16)
Figure 45 Half First Cousins Once Removed (R = 1/32) and First Cousins (R = 1/8)
Figure 46 Half First Cousins (R = 1/16) and First Cousins Once Removed (R = 1/16)
Figure 47 Half First Cousins Once Removed (R = 1/32) and First Cousins Once Removed (R = 1/16)
Figure 48 Half Aunt - Half Niece (R = 0.125) and Half Sibs (R = 0.25)
Figure 49 First Cousins Once Removed (R = 0.0625) and Half Sibs (R = 0.25)
Figure 50 Half First Cousins Once Removed (R = 0.03125) and Half Sibs (R = 0.25)
Figure 51 Conventional Double (First Cousins) Once Removed
Figure 52 Conventional Double (First Cousins) Twice Removed
Figure 53 Conventional Double (Second Cousins) Once Removed - Second Type
Figure 54 Irregular Double (First Cousins/Half First Cousins) Once Removed
Figure 55 Full Sibs who are also Double Second Cousins
Figure 56 Quadruple Second Cousins (QSC) and Octuple Third Cousins (OTC)
Figure 57 Triple Half First Cousins
Figure 58 Quadruple Half First Cousins
Figure 59 Octuple Half Second Cousins
Figure 60 Uncles/Aunts and Nephews/Nieces versus Removed Cousins
Figure 61 Coding for Removed Cousinships
Figure 62 Assignment of Generation Numbers
Figure 63 Indeterminate Generation Numbers
Figure 64 Example with Inbred Common Ancestor
Figure 65 Example without Inbred Common Ancestors
Figure 66 Close Inbreeding as used for Animals (3 generations of full sib mating)
Figure 67 Marriages between Sibs and Half-sibs in the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, c. 1580 - 1350 B.C.
Figure 68 Father-daughter Mating
Figure 69 Directly Related Parents Only
Figure 70 Directly and Collaterally Related Parents
Figure 71 Showing Degrees of Consanguinity of Various Relatives
Figure 72 Showing Degrees of Consanguinity Using Coded Relationships
Figure 73 Consanguinity Chart in Pedigree Form (males only)
Figure 74 The Order of Distribution for Intestate Estates in England and Wales
Figure 75 Showing Coefficients of Relationship Between the Deceased and Various Relatives
Figure 76 Pedigree Involving Three First Cousin Marriages
Figure 77 Pedigree Involving a Forbidden Uncle-niece Relationship
Figure 78 Father-daughter and Brother-sister
Figure 76 Sib Relationship Following Three Generations of Full Sib Mating
List Of Tables
Table 2 Standard Relationship Values
Table 3 Enhancement through Identical Twins
Table 4 Enhanced Half Sib Relationships
Table 5 Common Types of Irregular Double Cousins
Table 6 Different Types of Reciprocal Cross - generation Double Relatives
Table 7 Non-reciprocal Intergeneration Doubles
Table 8 Single, Double and Multiple Half First Cousins
Table 9 Chart for Determining Collateral Relationships
Table 10 Relationships Across Generations
Table 12 COLLATERAL RELATIONSHIPS
Table 13 UNUSUAL COLLATERAL RELATIONSHIPS a) Twins
Table 14 UNUSUAL COLLATERAL RELATIONSHIPS b) Regular Double Cousinships
Table 15 UNUSUAL COLLATERAL RELATIONSHIPS c) Irregular Double Cousinships
Table 17 Removed Relationships for Conventional Double Cousins b) Regular Double Second Cousins
Table 19 Values of F for Consanguinous Matings (One generation, no previous inbreeding).
Table 20 Inbreeding Depression for Every 10% Increase in F
Table 21 Effects of Inbreeding on the Frequency of Inherited Defects
Table 22 List of Forbidden Marriages (1560 list)
Table 23 Simplified List of Forbidden Marriages (1560 list)
Table 24 List of Forbidden Marriages (1949 version)
Table 25 Simplified List of Forbidden Marriages (1949 version)
Table 26 In-laws Whom the Nominated Person Can Marry With the Above Restrictions (1949 Act)
Table 27 Simplified Version of Table 26
Table 28 Blood Relatives Forbidden to Marry
Table 29 Further In-laws Who Can Marry Without Restrictions
Table 30 Step-relatives Who Can Marry With the Above Restrictions
Table 31 In-laws Who Can Marry With the Above Restrictions
Table 32 Relatives by Adoption Who Are Forbidden to Marry
Table 33 Further Forbidden Marriages (Scotland)
Table 34 Expected Proportions of Genotypes with Colour Blindness
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